Auch wenn man die Mitgliedschaft von Brauns in der NSDAP damit zu entschuldigen sucht, dass er als Wissenschaftler eine Mitgliedschaft in der NSDAP der Einstellung seiner Forschung vorzog, so kann (und darf) es keinen Entschuldigungstatbestand geben, dass Wernher von Braun Mitglied der SS wurde. November 1943 bekannt, in der er 1.350 Arbeitskräfte für den Mittelbau-Dora anforderte. Wernher von Braun: Disneyland. [20]:96–97 Yet, he also wrote that "to us, Hitler was still only a pompous fool with a Charlie Chaplin moustache"[21] and that he perceived him as "another Napoleon" who was "wholly without scruples, a godless man who thought himself the only god".[22]. In 1957, with the launch of Sputnik 1, a growing belief within the United States existed that it was lagging behind the Soviet Union in the emerging Space Race. [34] In Germany at this time, this was an exceptional promotion for an engineer who was only 31 years old. [42] He denied ever having visited the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp itself, where 20,000 died from illness, beatings, hangings, and intolerable working conditions.[43]. There were no German rocket societies after the collapse of the VfR, and civilian rocket tests were forbidden by the new Nazi regime. [6][7] In 1967, von Braun was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering, and in 1975, he received the National Medal of Science. Ein deutsches Genie zwischen Untergangswahn und Raketenträumen. His dream to help mankind set foot on the Moon became a reality on 16 July 1969, when a Marshall-developed Saturn V rocket launched the crew of Apollo 11 on its historic eight-day mission. Von Braun's engines used direct combustion and created fire, the Walter devices used hot vapors from a chemical reaction, but both created thrust and provided high speed. Information and translations of wernher von braun in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Diesen Sachverhalt konnte von Braun nicht leugnen. [40]:55, SS General Hans Kammler, who as an engineer had constructed several concentration camps, including Auschwitz, had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers in the rocket program. Later (in 1959) von Braun published a short booklet, condensed from episodes that had appeared in This Week Magazine before—describing his updated concept of the first crewed lunar landing. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Es handelte sich hierbei um ein gemäß Versailler Vertrag nicht zulässiges Projekt. [20]:61 However, this thesis was only the public part of von Braun's work. Von Braun would later write he found it hard to develop a "genuine emotional attachment" to his new surroundings. By that time, the British and Soviet intelligence agencies were aware of the rocket program and von Braun's team at Peenemünde, based on the intelligence provided by the Polish underground Home Army. The May 14, 1950, headline of The Huntsville Times ("Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to Moon") might have marked the beginning of these efforts. We wanted to see the world spared another conflict such as Germany had just been through, and we felt that only by surrendering such a weapon to people who are guided not by the laws of materialism but by Christianity and humanity could such an assurance to the world be best secured.[57]. The German nobility's legal privileges were abolished in 1919, although noble titles could still be used as part of the family name. The few pieces of Wernher's youthful compositions that exist are reminiscent of Hindemith's style. As noted above, his excessive caution likely led to the U.S. losing the race to put a man into space with the Soviets. His father, conservative civil servant Magnus Freiherr von Braun (1878–1972), served as a Minister of Agriculture in the Federal Cabinet during the Weimar Republic. März 1912, der zweite von 3 Söhnen, mit einem eindrucksvollen Stammbaum. Er stand wie Wernher von Braun mittlerweile schon in US-amerikanischen Diensten. Meaning of wernher von braun. In 1930, von Braun attended a presentation given by Auguste Piccard. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (23 March 1912 – 16 June 1977) was a German-born American aerospace engineer and space architect. [..] Aber Prof. Wernher von Braun ging daran vorbei, so nahe, dass er die Leichen fast berührte.“ Diese Ausführungen sind eindeutig! [13]:38–40 He therefore recommended that von Braun work more closely with Kammler to solve the problems of the V-2. [69], In the hope that its involvement would bring about greater public interest in the future of the space program, von Braun also began working with Walt Disney and the Disney studios as a technical director, initially for three television films about space exploration. Im April 1930 legte Wernher von Braun sein Abitur ab, 1932 erwarb er ein Diplom als Ingenieur an der Technischen Hochschule in Berlin und bereits 1934 promovierte er an der Friedrichs-Wilhelm-Universität in Berlin zum Dr. phil. [20]:147–148, During his stay at Fort Bliss, von Braun proposed marriage to Maria Luise von Quistorp (born (1928-06-10)June 10, 1928), his maternal first cousin, in a letter to his father. [12] Although he worked mainly on military rockets in his later years there, space travel remained his primary interest. On the motives behind this conversion, Michael J. Neufeld is of the opinion that he turned to religion "to pacify his own conscience",[77] whereas University of Southampton scholar Kendrick Oliver said that von Braun was presumably moved "by a desire to find a new direction for his life after the moral chaos of his service for the Third Reich". Dabei war man in der Namensgebung besonders „kreativ“. Sein Vater Magnus (1877-1972) diente in den 1930er Jahren als Landwirtschaftsminister in der Weimarer Republik. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. In 1939, I was officially demanded to join the National Socialist Party. Wernher von Braun im Marshall Space Flight Center (Mai 1964). Wallstein, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0118-4, André Sellier, Yves le Maner: Bilder aus Dora: Zwangsarbeit im Raketentunnel 1943–1945 Deutsches Museum, München, Übers. Wernher von Braun was a German engineer who worked on rocket technology, first for Germany and then for the United States. Dr. Carol Rosin was the first female Corporate Manager of Fairchild Industries in the 1970's. The family moved to Berlin in 1915, where his father worked at the Ministry of the Interior. I asked him what to do. I told him I was so busy with my rocket work that I had no time to spare for any political activity. Mai 1945 den US-Streitkräften. The time when von Braun learned about the disease is generally given as between 1973 and 1976. He then told me, that ... the SS would cost me no time at all. Die Polizei kam gerade noch rechtzeitig zum großen Finale, erinne… Through religion he seeks to know the Creator. Wanting to learn more about physics, chemistry, and astronomy, von Braun entered the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin for doctoral studies and graduated with a doctorate in physics in 1934. On 15 April 1955, von Braun became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Im Rahmen des Entnazifizierungverfahrens wurde er trotz Parteimitgliedschaft als „entlastet“ eingestuft. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9; deutsche Ausgabe: Wernher von Braun. Between 1952 and 1956,[63] von Braun led the Army's rocket development team at Redstone Arsenal, resulting in the Redstone rocket, which was used for the first live nuclear ballistic missile tests conducted by the United States. Es liegen jedoch auch andere Beweise gegen Wernher von Braun vor. My brother invented the V-2. Oktober 1944 wurden sowohl Dornberger als auch von Braun nach dem Einsatz der V2 an der Westfront von Hitler mit dem Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes mit Schwertern ausgezeichnet. [20]:92–94, In January 1943, von Braun became engaged to Dorothee Brill, a physical education teacher in Berlin, and he sought permission to marry from the SS Race and Settlement Office. The system stopped the launch, and the incident created a "nadir of morale in Project Mercury". März 1945 in Mittelbau-Dora anwesend war. Er erhielt die Mitgliedsnummer 185.068. "[32], In response to Goddard's claims, von Braun said "at no time in Germany did I or any of my associates ever see a Goddard patent". Wernher von Braun was born on March 23, 1912 in Wirsitz, West Prussia, Germany. [61] Requests to improve their living conditions such as laying linoleum over their cracked wood flooring were rejected. Dort wurde er unter der Mitgliedsnummer 5.738.692 registriert. See Article History. The technical work carried out there had, in the meantime, attracted more and more attention in higher levels. verloren ihr Leben durch den Einsatz der Waffe, meist im Raum London und Antwerpen. He died on June 16, 1977 in Alexandria, Virginia, USA. "[10][56] After the surrender, Wernher von Braun spoke to the press: We knew that we had created a new means of warfare, and the question as to what nation, to what victorious nation we were willing to entrust this brainchild of ours was a moral decision more than anything else. Von Braun later claimed that these were simply technical promotions received each year regularly by mail.[26]. [20]:96 Neufeld further wrote: Von Braun, like other Peenemünders, was assigned to the local group in Karlshagen; there is no evidence that he did more than send in his monthly dues. Allerdings sagte sein Bruder als Zeuge im so genannten „Nordhausen-Prozess“ gegen die Lagerleitung des Konzentrationslagers Dora-Mittelbau aus. [94][95], During the local summer of 1966–67, von Braun participated in a field trip to Antarctica, organized for him and several other members of top NASA management. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. They also developed the long-range A-4 ballistic missile and the supersonic Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile. [86], The U.S. Navy had been tasked with building a rocket to lift satellites into orbit, but the resulting Vanguard rocket launch system was unreliable. After the talk, the young student approached the famous pioneer of high-altitude balloon flight, and stated to him: "You know, I plan on traveling to the Moon at some time." ISBN 978-3-406-52960-3. My membership in the party did not involve any political activity. 4", "Ex-German Rocket Scientists. However, he was no longer at risk of being sacked – as American public opinion of Germans began to recover, von Braun found himself increasingly in a position to popularize his ideas. He also was instrumental in the launching of the experimental Applications Technology Satellite. [citation needed], Finally, von Braun and his remaining Peenemünde staff (see List of German rocket scientists in the United States) were transferred to their new home at Fort Bliss, a large Army installation just north of El Paso. The fourth stage provided acceleration to lunar escape velocity, while the fifth stage would be responsible for a deceleration during return to the Earth to a residual speed that allows aerocapture of the spacecraft ending in a runway landing, much in the way of the Space Shuttle. In 1960, his group was assimilated into NASA, where he served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and as the chief architect of the Saturn V super heavy-lift launch vehicle that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. In his popular writings, von Braun elaborated on them in several of his books and articles, but he took care to qualify such military applications as "particularly dreadful". Pendo, München 2009, ISBN 978-3-86612-228-4. In 1933, von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the Nazi Party came to power in a coalition government in Germany; rocketry was almost immediately moved onto the national agenda. Die Karriere des Wernher von Braun Von den Nazis zur NASA Der deutsche Raketeningenieur Wernher von Braun leitete im Dritten Reich die Entwicklung der V2-Rakete. In einem Gerichtsprozess am 14. Kammler had ordered relocation of his team to central Germany; however, a conflicting order from an army chief ordered them to join the army and fight. Later, with the exception of von Braun, the men were transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland to sort out the Peenemünde documents, enabling the scientists to continue their rocketry experiments. Es wurde eine mehrere Kilometer große Testzone benötigt, welche auch weitestgehend unentdeckt sein sollte. Wernher von Braun was born in Wirsitz, in the Province of Posen, then a part of the German Empire, and was the second of three sons. His mother, Emmy von Quistorp (1886–1959), traced her ancestry through both parents to medieval European royalty and was a descendant of Philip III of France, Valdemar I of Denmark, Robert III of Scotland, and Edward III of England. Dezember 1934 konnte Wernher von Braun der Wehrmacht vermelden, dass die beiden als Max und Moritz bezeichneten Raketen eine Flughöhe von 2,3 km erreichten. Von Braun had been under SD surveillance since October 1943. [46], Von Braun later claimed that he was aware of the treatment of prisoners, but felt helpless to change the situation.[47]. [55] On May 2, 1945, upon finding an American private from the U.S. 44th Infantry Division, von Braun's brother and fellow rocket engineer, Magnus, approached the soldier on a bicycle, calling out in broken English: "My name is Magnus von Braun. He informed me that the SS had for a long time been trying to get their "finger in the pie" of the rocket work. The team included the young L.S. He said that he had been so influenced by the early Nazi promise of release from the post–World War I economic effects, that his patriotic feelings had increased. [41] Von Braun admitted visiting the plant at Mittelwerk on many occasions,[5] and called conditions at the plant "repulsive", but claimed never to have personally witnessed any deaths or beatings, although it had become clear to him by 1944 that deaths had occurred. He was the second of three sons of a noble Lutheran family. Bekannt machten ihn vor allem drei Fernsehproduktionen Walt Disneys: In diesen von Ward Kimball realisierten Kurzfilmen trat von Braun an der Seite Disneys auf und erläuterte seine Theorien. The desk from which he guided America's entry in the space race remains on display there. Er wird Mitglied im "Verein für Raumschiffahrt", in dem er Kontakte zu Raketeningenieuren wie Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) knüpft. Da sich diese während des Flugs durch die Reibung aufheizte, konnten nur Sprengstoffmischungen verwendet werden, deren Zündtemperatur über 200 °C lag. Prof. Wernher von Braun hat während seiner häufigen Anwesenheit in Dora nicht ein einziges Mal gegen diese Grausamkeit und Bestialität protestiert. As they went along the corridors, they saw the exhaustion of the inmates, their arduous work and their pain. Dies wird auch von diversen KZ Häftlingen bestätigt. Nach einem britischen Bombenangriff auf Peenemünde wird die Raketenproduktion in einen Bergstollen im Harz verlagert, dem "Mittelbau Dora". In Mittelbau-Dora fand nun die Serienfertigung der A4 statt. A young female dentist who was an SS spy reported their comments. Redstone Rocket, Hardtack-Teak Test, August 1958. This never-before-printed science fiction novel by the original 'rocket man', Dr Wernher von Braun, combines technical fact with a human story line in the way that only a true dreamer can realise. There is evidence, however, that British intelligence and scientists were the first to interview him in depth, eager to gain information that they knew U.S. officials would deny them. The unsuspecting von Braun was detained on March 14 (or March 15),[49] 1944, and was taken to a Gestapo cell in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland),[13]:38–40 where he was held for two weeks without knowing the charges against him. [61] His loyal Germans still addressed him as "Herr Professor," but Hamill addressed him as "Wernher" and never responded to von Braun's request for more materials. Thank you, Mr. Die Nachbarn in der Beethovenstraße im Stadtteil Lichterfelde schickten der Familie mehrfach die Polizei ins Haus. The ultimate purpose of the space station would be to provide an assembly platform for crewed lunar expeditions. ): Konzentrationslager Mittelbau-Dora 1943–1945 Begleitband zur ständigen Ausstellung in der KZ-Gedenkstätte Mittelbau-Dora. [80] He publicly spoke and wrote about the complementarity of science and religion, the afterlife of the soul, and his belief in God. Also the firm of Hellmuth Walter at Kiel had been commissioned by the RLM to build a rocket engine for the He 112, so there were two different new rocket motor designs at Neuhardenberg: whereas von Braun's engines were powered by alcohol and liquid oxygen, Walter engines had hydrogen peroxide and calcium permanganate as a catalyst. During the late 1960s, von Braun was instrumental in the development of the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville. Die vorstehend erwähnten Häftlinge wurden nachweislich aus den nachfolgenden Konzentrationslagern „bezogen“: Im Übrigen sollte der August 1943 für Wernher von Braun aus weiteren Gründen ein sehr bedeutsamer Monat werden: In der Nacht vom 17. If this was the so-called Bäckebo Bomb, it had been procured by the British in exchange for Spitfires; Annapolis would have received some parts from them. [16] His early exposure to rocketry convinced him that the exploration of space would require far more than applications of the current engineering technology. Man glaubte diese in Peenemünde auf der Ostseeinsel Usedom gefunden zu haben. In fact, he was known to his friends as a 'merry heathen' (fröhlicher Heide). [106] Shortly after, he became an evangelical Christian. He personally witnessed this historic launch and detonation. Wenn sie die Gänge entlang gingen, sahen sie die Schufterei der Häftlinge, ihre mühselige Arbeit und ihre Qual. [87] Von Braun became the center's first director on 1 July 1960 and held the position until 27 January 1970. April 1945 hatten die US-Truppen in Deutschland die Produktionsstätten des Mittelwerks besetzt und dabei 100 einsatzfähige V2 Raketen vorgefunden und beschlagnahmt. Es ist kaum vorstellbar, dass das SS–Mitglied Wernher von Braun diese gesamten Umstände nicht gewusst hat. Anfang der 20er-Jahre siedelte die Familie nach Berlin um. Der junge Wernher hatte mal wieder Raketen gezündet, mit denen er Märklin-Autos lärmend die Straße entlangrasen ließ. He left the following year. The initial broadcast devoted to space exploration was Man in Space, which first went on air on March 9, 1955, drawing 40 million viewers.[61][70][71]. Von Braun's interest in rockets was specifically for the application of space travel, not for killing people. 1943: Die A-4 Rakete erhält die Bezeichnung V-2, wobei das V für Vergeltung steht. Die Produktionsstätten für die Teile der A4 waren über Deutschland und Österreich verteilt. [citation needed], On June 20, 1945, the U.S. Secretary of State approved the transfer of von Braun and his specialists to the United States; however, this was not announced to the public until October 1, 1945. [5] He applied for membership of the Nazi Party on 12 November 1937, and was issued membership number 5,738,692. Wirsitz (Posen): Wernher Magnus Maximilian von Braun wird am 23. This much-less-peaceful aspect of von Braun's "drive for space" has been reviewed by Michael J. Neufeld from the Space History Division of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington. Stuhlinger, Ernst & Ira Ordway, Frederick. Mike Wallace, television biography of Wernher von Braun, video clip of the press statement. This became a point of contention with other engineers, who struggled to keep vehicle weight down so that payload could be maximized. He married her in a Lutheran church in Landshut, Germany on 1 March 1947, having received permission to go back to Germany and return with his bride. März 1947, heiratet Wernher von Braun seine Cousine Maria von Quistorp (* Berlin 10… Thus, my refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have to abandon the work of my life. Then, Warsitz, you will be a famous man. On 8 December 1948, the von Brauns' first daughter Iris Careen was born at Fort Bliss Army Hospital. However, the manuscript was rejected by no fewer than 18 publishers. He helped design and develop the V-2 rocket at Peenemünde during World War II. Unwilling to go to the Soviets, von Braun and his staff decided to try to surrender to the Americans. [92][93] During Apollo, he worked closely with former Peenemünde teammate, Kurt H. Debus, the first director of the Kennedy Space Center. Von Braun joined the SS horseback riding school on 1 November 1933 as an SS-Anwärter. He overruled them, so a test mission involving a Redstone on a boilerplate capsule was flown successfully in March. However, the engagement was broken due to his mother's opposition. Realizing that the matter was of highly political significance for the relation between the SS and the Army, I called immediately on my military superior, Dr. Dornberger. He belonged to an aristocratic family, inheriting the German title of Freiherr (equivalent to Baron). When the 1975 National Medal of Science was awarded to him in early 1977, he was hospitalized, and unable to attend the White House ceremony. In January 1977, now very ill, he resigned from Fairchild Industries. Because of the difference in the length of one prong, the launch system detected the difference in the power disconnection as a "cut-off signal to the engine". bombers. [105] The conservative approach paid off when a fifth engine was added to the Saturn C-4, producing the Saturn V. The C-4 design had a large crossbeam that could easily absorb the thrust of an additional engine. Es bedurfte mehr als 30 Jahre nach dem Tod Wernher von Brauns, bis man sich in der Öffentlichkeit wirklich bewusst wurde (oder bewusst werden wollte), wer Wernher von Braun auch war, nämlich nicht nur ein Raketenwissenschaftler sondern (auch) ein SS-Mitglied, welcher im 2. Der Rumpf bestand aus Spanten und Stringern, die mit dünnem Stahlblech beplankt waren. When shown a picture of himself standing behind Himmler, von Braun claimed to have worn the SS uniform only that one time,[25] but in 2002 a former SS officer at Peenemünde told the BBC that von Braun had regularly worn the SS uniform to official meetings. Im Auswärtigen Amt legte man anscheinend großen Wert auf Kontinuität; andere Aspekte schienen damals sekundär zu sein. [89], After the flight of Mercury-Redstone 2 in January 1961 experienced a string of problems, von Braun insisted on one more test before the Redstone could be deemed man-rated. Wäre die V2 früher fertig erstellt worden, so wäre eine Vielzahl von Menschen durch Ihren Einsatz um das Leben gekommen. Selbst der Anblick von Toten haben ihn nicht gerührt: Auf einer kleinen Fläche neben der Ambulanzbude lagen tagtäglich haufenweise die Häftlinge, die das Arbeitsjoch und der Terror der rachsüchtigen Aufseher zu Tode gequält hatten. According to André Sellier, a French historian and survivor of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, Heinrich Himmler had von Braun come to his Feldkommandostelle Hochwald HQ in East Prussia in February 1944. Austria. 1943 tat er als Legationssekretär Dienst an der Botschaft am Heiligen Stuhl in Rom, wo er bis 1946 blieb. However, von Braun managed to convince SS Major Kummer to order the dispersal of the group into nearby villages so that they would not be an easy target for U.S. I would be awarded the rank of a[n] "Untersturmfuehrer" (lieutenant) and it were [sic] a very definite desire of Himmler that I attend his invitation to join. Von Braun was mainly interested in management of the scientific effort on Antarctic research stations, logistics, habitation, and life support, and in using the barren Antarctic terrain like the glacial dry valleys to test the equipment that one day would be used to look for signs of life on Mars and other worlds. [40]:51, At the same time, Hellmuth Walter's experiments into hydrogen peroxide based rockets were leading towards light and simple rockets that appeared well-suited for aircraft installation. [33] He wrote that claims about his lifting Goddard's work were the furthest from the truth, noting that Goddard's paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes", which was studied by von Braun and Oberth, lacked the specificity of liquid-fuel experimentation with rockets. They were then flown to Boston and taken by boat to the Army Intelligence Service post at Fort Strong in Boston Harbor. Um dieses Ziel zu verwirklichen, hat er vorrangig Militärrakten entwickelt, zunächst in Deutschland die "V-2", dann in den USA die atomar bestückte "Redstone". [20]:354–355[101], After leaving NASA, von Braun became Vice President for Engineering and Development at the aerospace company Fairchild Industries in Germantown, Maryland, on 1 July 1972.[101]. Zu dieser Zeit bedeute das Anfordern von einer derart hohen Anzahl von Arbeitskräften stets die Anforderung von KZ-Häftlingen. They also continued to study the future potential of rockets for military and research applications. There he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (1923, By Rocket into Planetary Space)[14] by rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth. He referred to this time as a moment in his life when he felt the strong need to pray, stating "I certainly prayed a lot before and during the crucial Apollo flights". [15] In spring 1932, he graduated with a diploma in mechanical engineering. One remarkable feature of this technical tale is that the engineer von Braun anticipated a medical phenomenon that would become apparent only years later: being a veteran astronaut with no history of serious adverse reactions to weightlessness offers no protection against becoming unexpectedly and violently spacesick. Allein 1.358 Menschen starben in London und 1.610 Menschen starben in Antwerpen. Wernher von Braun zu dieser Zeit in Zweifel zu stellen hätte bedeutet, Walt Disney zu kritisieren. A secret report stated that he and his colleagues Klaus Riedel and Helmut Gröttrup were said to have expressed regret at an engineer's house one evening in early March 1944 that they were not working on a spaceship[5] and that they felt the war was not going well; this was considered a "defeatist" attitude. In 1976, he became scientific consultant to Lutz Kayser, the CEO of OTRAG, and a member of the Daimler-Benz board of directors. Responsible Scientific Investigation and Application (1976) Kontext: Without wanting to seem overly partisan, I would like simply to point out that the space program has by all standards become America's greatest generator of new ideas in science and technology. More than a decade later, the movie version of 2001: A Space Odyssey would draw heavily on the design concept in its visualization of an orbital space station. Ein Jahr nach Gründung der US-Raumfahrtbehörde NASA im Jahr 1958 wird von Braun Direktor des George C. Marshall Space Flight Centers in Huntsville, Alabama. Einziger Ingenieur der „V2“-Produktion, der je vor Gericht gestellt wurde, war der DEMAG-Geschäftsführer und Generaldirektor der Mittelwerk GmbH Georg Rickhey. [35] The facility was salvaged and most of the engineering team remained unharmed; however, the raids killed von Braun's engine designer Walter Thiel and Chief Engineer Walther, and the rocket program was delayed.[36][37]. Over the course of the program, Saturn V rockets enabled six teams of astronauts to reach the surface of the Moon. Zu den Erstunterzeichnern gehören Historiker wie Werner Buchholz, Bernd Faulenbach, Anton Schindling und Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann, aber auch Politiker wie Thomas Freund und Karin Timmel. But, Prof. Wernher von Braun passed them so close that he was almost touching the corpses. Von Braun initially pushed for a flight engineering concept that called for an Earth orbit rendezvous technique (the approach he had argued for building his space station), but in 1962, he converted to the lunar orbit rendezvous concept that was subsequently realized. Some prisoners claim von Braun engaged in brutal treatment or approved of it.
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